Understanding the World Through Systems: History, Classification and Future Directions

Authors

  • Dr. Kochetov N. V

Keywords:

Fuzzy controller, PID controller, two-wheeled balance robot, Continuous plane curve, Minimum one-sided Hausdorff distance, Exact algorithm, Comparison of computational efficiency, Roundness error evaluation.

Abstract

The article is devoted to the understanding of the world as an object consisting of systems, as separate “bricks”, despite their diversity.
Non-living systems develop according to the laws of natural sciences: physics, chemistry, astronomy. Their development is not targeted, while there is an increase in disorder (entropy).
Living systems strive to survive and expand, while they transform everything around them to improve their existence. Disorder (entropy), from the point of view of living systems (in relation to the achievement of a goal), decreases.
A general classification of the systems of the surrounding world is given. The evolution of living systems and the features of their development are explained

References

L.F. Ilyichev, P.F. Fedoseev, S.M. Kovalev, V.G. Panov (1983) Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. 840 p..

I. Prigogine, I. Stengers (1986) Order from Chaos. New Dialogue of Man with Nature. 432 p..

S.V. Meyen, Y.A. Shreider (1976) Methodological aspects of the theory of classification. 12, 67-79.

L. von Bertalanffy (1969) Research on General Systems Theory.

R. Jolly (2015) Systems thinking for business: Capitalize on structures hidden in plain sight.

N. Viner, I.V. Solovyov, G.N. Povarov (1983) Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in Animal and Machine. 344 p..

G.H. Good, R.E. Macol (1962) System Engineering. Introduction to Large Systems Design. 383 p..

V. N. Volkova, A. A. Denisov (2014) Systems Theory and System Analysis: A Textbook for Academic Bachelor's Degree. 616 p..

(1983) Nachala. 400 p..

A. F. Losev, V. F. Asmus (2007) Collected Works in Four Volumes. T. 2, 626 p..

Aristotle (2018) Metaphysics. 384 p..

I. A. Konnikov (1971) Materializm Spinoza [Spinoza's Materialism]. 268 p..

А. Л. Тахтаджян (1976) Система органического мира [System of the Organic World].

Г. Л. Зельманова (1969) Кондильяк, Этьен Бонно де [Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de].

E.B. Agoshkova, B.V. Akhlibininsky (1998) Evolution of the Concept of the System. (7), 170-179.

Friedrich Engels (1975) Dialectics of Nature. 359 p..

V. I. Lenin, Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1968) Materialism and empirio-criticism. 7–384.

A. A. Bogdanov (1989) Tektology: (Universal Organizational Science): in 2 books.

Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968) General System Theory. 289 p..

P. K. Anokhin (1962) Ahead of the reflection of reality. (No 6), 97–109.

A.A. Lyubishchev (1968) Problemy systematiki [Problems of systematics]. Vol.1, 7-29.

V.E. Karpov, I.P. Karpova (1989) On the Question of the Principles of System Classification. 350 p..

A. Einstein Quotes by A. Einstein. https://quadr-ro.livejournal.com/41651.html

Albert Einstein, Leopold Infeld (1965) Evolution of Physics. Development of Ideas from Initial Concepts to the Theory of Relativity and Quanta. 328 p..

Kh. P. Pogosyan, Z. L. Turketti (1970) Atmosphere of the Earth: A Manual for Teachers. 320 p..

Atmospheres of the Solar System. https://kiri2ll.livejournal.com/498-851.html

Zemlya: kharakteristiki, stroenie i osobennosti planeti [Electronic resource]. https://dzen.ru/a/Y8GAX-llzhiBcXc2Y

N.V. Kochetov (2022) Once Again on the Evolution of Life on Earth. 123-125.

V. V. Matskevich, P. P. Lobanov ([1969, 1975]) Agricultural Encyclopedia. In 6 volumes.

G. L. Vyshkovsky, Y. F. Krylov (2011) Encyclopedia of Medicines. Issue 19, 1368 p..

UN Growth of the World Population. https://www.un.org/ru/global-issues/population

Anthropogenesis.RU: Russian scientific and educational portal dedicated to human evolution. https://antropogenez.ru/

M.Z. Bohr (2000) History of the World Economy: Lecture Notes. 496 p..

(2024) OEC - Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en

Downloads

Published

2025-03-20

How to Cite

Understanding the World Through Systems: History, Classification and Future Directions. (2025). London Journal of Engineering Research, 25(1), 43-49. https://journalspress.uk/index.php/LJER/article/view/1225