London Journal of Research In Science: Natural and Formal
London Journal of Research In Science: Natural and Formal London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal, is focused on publishing groundbreaking ideas on theoretical and experimental research in all the domains of science including physics, chemistry, and bio-tech. The journal has a dedicated team for reviewing articles of COVID-19 to make sure the research is valid and published first. It provides practical, theoretical, and managerial implications useful for further research development. As a flagship scholarly journal, It is a peer-reviewed, international, indexed journal. The journal publishes high-quality research papers that are double-blind refereed. Authors and readers include academic researchers and educators, as well as scientists. SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
Speed and the Speed of Light, Density, Change, and Absolute Zero-Motion and Change in the Principles of the Philosophy of the Cosmic Origin
Speed is a physical or sociological term for the motion and change of matter - the distance traveled by matter per unit of time and the rate of change in the structural form of "existence" per unit of time. It relates to the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system and is a physical unit associated with time and space. It represents human-created physical knowledge and information that "materializes" space and time（Materialization，serving as a necessary condition for studying physics, the motion and change of matter, and as an important unit in the philosophy of matter and a key reference indicator in the philosophy of the cosmic origin. The existence and change of position and structure are necessary indicators in the philosophy of matter and physics, and serve as causal-logical reference indicators in the philosophy of the cosmic origin. Density is the physical unit of matter or energy's existence in three-dimensional space - the amount of matter-energy-existence per unit volume. It relates to the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system and describes the structure and form of space and the existence within space. It is human-created knowledge and information resulting from "materializing" space, representing a necessary condition for studying physics and the existence of matter, an important indicator in the philosophy of matter, and a key reference in the philosophy of the cosmic origin. It is unrelated to time and describes only the structural form of existence. The speed of light and absolute zero are theoretical limits discovered in physics - units in Einstein's theory of relativity, Kelvin's "theory of absolute zero," as well as optics, electromagnetics, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics (Samo Liu, 2024i). They are important knowledge and information in the philosophy of the cosmic origin.
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"Newton's Dynamic Laws" are concerned with the motion of bodies in orbits. Newton has published his Laws in 1684, [1], and expanded this work into later editions [2]. This work was written in Latin but it was translated in many versions in English, e.g. [3]. Because of his revolutionary ideas and his mastery of geometry, his work was not largely amenable to a great sector of scientists and physicists. Several attempts, e.g. [4]-[5] were made to simplify and clarify these laws. Modern derivations may be found in e.g. [6].
Material and Non-Material Existence - A Study on the Cosmic Origin in Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a monumental work in the history of world philosophy. It provides unprecedented inspiration for the contemplation of the "unknown," serving as a cornerstone for both Eastern and Western philosophical reflections on the material world. The ancient Greek philosophers proposed many unsystematic, contradictory, and fragmented notions of cosmic origin and ontology. In Metaphysics, these concepts were collected and synthesised; Aristotle analysed and critiqued them through the logical framework of the "known" material philosophy. Eastern philosophy also possesses systematic metaphysical concepts and grapples with the paradox of "being" and "non-being" in its contemplation of the cosmic origin. The Taoist philosophy, centred on the I Ching, emphasises the dialectical unity of "being" and "non-being," with the central theme being the Tao-change and balance. When Buddhist philosophy entered China, its ideas of cosmic origin fused with those of Taoism. Confucian scholars then developed the unified Confucian-Buddhist-Taoist cosmological doctrine, which reached its zenith during the Song Dynasty (Feng Youlan, 2013). However, the languages, text, and numbers developed from the "known" material philosophy continue to dominate human intellectual expression, and the debates persist. Relativity theory, quantum mechanics, and the three industrial revolutions have transformed human understanding from material science to energy science and information science, proving that matter is the mutual transformation between energy (non-material) and matter under the control of mechanical information. Thus, the cosmic and material origin lies in the dynamic interplay of information (non-material) and energy (non-material)-the yin-yang essence of existence-seeking and attaining balance through perpetual motion and transformation. At its root, the universe itself is the coexistence and evolution of material and non-material existence under the participation of information.
On the Origin and Transfer of Dust Aerosols in the Direction of Volzhsky
This article examines forward and backward aerosol transport trajectories for the city of Volzhsky using the HYSPLIT dispersion model, using the example of August 19, 2022. A brief climatic description of summer 2022 conditions conducive to the formation of natural dust is provided.
Gravitational Waves and Black Holes: Beyond the Mirror
E. Beltrami introduced in 1892 the Beltrami operator acting on six stress functions in order to parametrize the Cauchy stress equations of elasticity theory in space, similarly to the single Airy stress function for plane elasticity, but this number has been then reduced to three by J.C. Maxwell and G. Morera. In 1915, A. Einstein introduced the Einstein operator for general relativity (GR) in space-time without any reference to Beltrami though the comparison needs no comment. In fact, both are using the same operator, ignoring it is self-adjoint and confusing therefore stress functions with the variation of the metric. I proved in 1995 that the Einstein equations in vacuum cannot be parametrized like the Maxwell equations. This purely mathematical result proves that the ten equations of the gravitational waves (GW) are described by the adjoint of the Ricci operator and GW cannot thus exist, not because of a problem of detection but because of a more fundamental problem of equations that we shall point out. The second purpose of this paper is to prove also that black holes (BH) cannot exist, not for a problem of detection but because their existence should contradict the link existing between the Janet and Spencer differential sequences existing in differential geometry but never applied to GR. After recalling the way to construct these two sequences separately through explicit examples, we apply these results to Einstein equations, proving that the important object is not a metric but its group of invariance. Indeed, we shall explain why the Spencer sequence is isomorphic to the tensor product of the Poincar´e sequence for the exterior derivative by a Lie algebra of dimensions 10, 4 or 2 when dealing respectively with the Minkowski (M), the Schwarzschild (S) or the Kerr (K) metrics. Therefore, instead of shrinking down the dimension of this group, the idea is rather to enlarge the dimension of the group from 10 to 11 or 15 by using respectively the Poincar´e group of space-time, the Weyl group by adding 1 dilatation or the conformal group by adding 4 highly nonlinear elations along a way initiated by H. Weyl in 1918 for unifying electromagnetism with gravitation. Explicit motivating examples illustrate this paper at a student level, in order to introduce the new homological methods that are introduced for the first time in GR. Many among them are dealing with Lie pseudogroups that are groups of transformations solutions of systems of ordinary or partial differential equations.
Cost of Sustainable Timber Forest Management in the State of Acre, Brazilian Amazon
This study aimed to generate economics information on sustainable forest management in the state of Acre. Data collection addressed the following points: 1) prices of forest land and timber logs; 2) development and implementation of the Sustainable Forest Management Plan (SFMP) and the Annual Operational Plan (AOP); 3) forest harvesting and 4) timber transport to the sawmill. Basic data were obtained through interviews with forest consultants, timber industry entrepreneurs, and owners of firms involved in forest extraction. Different scenarios were considered: forests located $50 mathrm{km}$, $100 mathrm{km}$, and $150 mathrm{km}$ from the city of Rio Branco; managed areas with and without permanent plots; and with the application of silvicultural treatments. The production cost was obtained using different interest rates, and a 25-year cutting cycle was adopted. In economic terms, forest management activities were evaluated by calculating the net present value (NPV) and the production of log delivered to the sawmill yard was evaluated by calculating the marketing margin. The results generated in this study on forest management practices in the state of Acre allowed us to infer the following main conclusions: 1) the average cost of producing standing timber in an area located $50 mathrm{km}$ from the Rio Branco timber hub increases by approximately $0.82\%$ with the installation and measurement of permanent plots throughout the cutting cycle and 2) the marketing margin for logs indicates that for more distant areas ($150 mathrm{km}$)) this activity is unfeasible.
Chemical-Environmental Aspects of Measures to Eliminate the Chemical Weapon Destruction Consequences
The paper presents the basic requirements for carrying out measures to eliminate the consequences of activities at chemical weapons destruction facilities, describes technological approaches for implementing measures to eliminate the consequences of the destruction of skin abscesses and phosphorus-organic toxic substances, and evaluates their effectiveness. Thе chemical-toxicological characteristic of the waste generated during the implementation of liquidation measures is given, the environmental risks of these measures are analyzed, including the risks of long-term storage of toxic waste in appropriate storage areas. The ways to reduce the negative environmental impact of the consequences of carrying out liquidation measures at the facilities for the destruction of lewisite, sarin and soman are proposed
Possible Relationship between Sea Quarks Distribution Functions and Valence Distribution Functions in Proton
We attempt to show a possible relationship between sea quarks distribution functions and valence quark distribution functions in proton by considering Atlas experiment results, We obtain similar behavior of valence u quark and valence d quark distribution functions by considering that sea quarks is unbound state and by assuming that its distribution functions is described as a close state of our unbound pion distribution functions.
Overview of Co₂ Emissions in Yemen with Predictive Models of Emission Reduction Beyond 2025-based Multi Dimensional Criteria
This study investigates Yemen’s current carbon emission trends and explores strategic pathways for achieving significant reductions by 2050., the paper identifies challenges in the energy, transport, and industrial sectors while proposing a multi-phase strategy for low-carbon transition. The results suggest that implementing renewable energy initiatives and policy reforms could reduce Yemen’s emissions , emission trends was simulated under multi objectives effective parameters to predict emission adoption scenarios., a predicting model have been created linking renewable capacity expansion to emission reduction Focused primarily on projections; limited policy evaluation. The primary objective of this modeling study is to assess the relationship between renewable energy expansion mainaly and carbon emissions in Yemen from 1990 to 2035, under different socio-economic and policy-driven scenarios. The research aims to identify the most effective pathways for achieving low-carbon growth in a fragile, conflict-affected context. a review of historical research on renewable energy and carbon emissions in Yemen from 1990 to 2025. Despite the global shift toward renewable energy, Yemen remains highly dependent on fossil fuels, which has led to rising CO₂ emissions and increasing energy insecurity. The review synthesizes key studies addressing Yemen’s energy transition, renewable deployment, and emission trends, highlighting the progress, limitations, and existing research gaps that justify future modeling-based investigations. The review finds that while several works discuss renewable potentials and policy frameworks, few studies quantitatively analyze carbon-emission reduction under renewable energy expansion scenarios. This study provides a quantitative modeling framework for assessing the relationship between renewable energy expansion and carbon emission reduction in Yemen. Historical analysis (1990–2025) shows consistent emission growth driven by economic and demographic pressures. Simulation results for 2026–2035 confirm that renewable energy adoption—particularly under the High RE Scenario—could substantially reduce national emissions and foster sustainable economic recovery.
Soil Quality at Twiga 1, Waste Site in Turkana County
The exploration and production of petroleum resources create both opportunities and environmental challenges for sustainable development. In Kenya, the Government, along with private investors, has pursued oil and gas activities in the Anza, Mandera, Lamu, and Tertiary Rift Basins. Sixty-three petroleum exploration blocks were created through Gazette Notice No. 3344 on May 13, 2016, and later reduced to fifty through Gazette Notice No. 4832 on April 16, 2025. This study evaluated the impact of petroleum operations on soil quality at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site in Turkana County (Block T7, previously 13T, Tertiary Rift Basin). It focused on concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). A descriptive cross-sectional and experimental design was used. Soil samples were collected using the grid sampling method. A soil auger was used for soil sampling, and samples were transported to the laboratory in well-labeled aluminum containers. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS-7000, Shimadzu). The study objectives were to i) assess the levels of lead and cadmium in the soil at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site, ii) determine the levels during the wet and dry season, and iii) compare the levels with established environmental standards. Heavy metal concentrations were found to be very low at all sites and in both seasons, remaining well below WHO and US EPA limits. In the wet season, mean concentrations (mg/kg) were: Pb (0.003–0.035) and Cd (0.000–0.003). During the dry season, slightly higher values were recorded than in the wet season: Pb (0.000–0.044) and Cd (0.000–0.004). Although the differences were small, they showed seasonal variation, with higher dry-season concentrations linked, limited leaching, moisture loss from evaporation, and dust deposition from the atmosphere. All concentrations were well below World health organization set limits (WHO) (Pb: 100 mg/kg; Cd: 1–3 mg/kg) and US EPA (Pb: 400 mg/kg; Cd: 70 mg/kg). The soils are therefore uncontaminated and safe for farming, living, and ecological purposes. Comparing p-values of heavy metal concentrations between wet and dry seasons (α = 0.05) supports the hypothesis that levels are higher in the dry season at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site. Lead (0.001–0.055) shows significant differences, while cadmium (0.000–0.046) provides strong evidence for higher levels in the dry season. Heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in the dry season compared to the wet season but remained below world health organization set limits (WHO) and US EPA limits. The increase in metal concentrations during the dry season highlights the impact of climate variability on soil chemistry. Although the soils at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site are safe, ongoing monitoring is recommended to protect long-term soil health and environmental integrity around petroleum operations.
Supplementation of Tinospora Cordifolia on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemicals, Antioxidant Status and Histopathology of Hdk – 75 Pigs
Scanty information is available about importance of feeding of Tinospora cordifolia on the health and production of livestock. An investigation was conducted to study the effect of different levels of Tinospora cordifolia in HDK – 75 pigs. Twenty Four (24) number of pigs were randomly divided into four groups i.e. Control, T1, T2, and T3 groups containing six (6) animals in each group. The T1, T2, and T3 groups were the treatment groups where the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) were dried and in powdered form were given @ the rate of 0.5 %, 1.0 % , 1.5 % respectively mixed with rations. . The experimental rations were prepared according to BIS 1994 during 180 days experimental period. Compared to control and T1 group, by supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia the average daily body weight gain was seen highest T3 group (P 0.05 ) has been seen between the treatment and control groups. Histopathological study and blood parameters shows that supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia does not have any negative effect on liver and kidney. But supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia shows positive changes in T3 group compared to control group.
Performance of CMS-Lines, R-Lines, Inbreds, Hybrids and Varieties of Sunflower Genotypes for Drought Tolerant Traits
Background: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a vital oilseed crop known for its adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. Drought stress, however, significantly limits its productivity. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of biomass partitioning and root traits in enhancing drought tolerance. Yet, comparative performance across different genetic groups-cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, restorer (R) lines, inbreds, hybrids, and varieties-remains underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the drought tolerance potential of 48 sunflower genotypes, hypothesizing that hybrids and select parental lines exhibit superior root and biomass traits under water-limited conditions. The goal was to identify promising genotypes for breeding climate-resilient cultivars. Methods: A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed under controlled drought stress conditions. Eleven morphological and physiological traits were assessed, including root volume, root dry weight, root length, total dry matter (TDM), and specific leaf area (SLA). Statistical analyses included ANOVA for significance testing (P < 0.05), principal component analysis (PCA) to identify trait contributions, and biplot analysis for genotype clustering. Results: Significant genotypic variation was observed across all traits. Hybrids consistently outperformed other groups, particularly in TDM and root biomass. CMS-2B, CMS-104A, and IB-80 emerged as top-performing non-hybrids with robust root systems. Hybrids RSFH-1, KBSH-44, and KBSH-55 showed superior drought resilience. PCA revealed that PC1 accounted for 60% of the variance, dominated by TDM, root traits, and plant height, indicating overall plant vigor. PC2 (13.7%) captured the trade-off between leaf efficiency (SLA, SCMR) and structural resilience. Biplot analysis effectively grouped genotypes and highlighted promising paternal lines for drought-prone environments. Conclusions: The study underscores the value of multivariate analysis in identifying drought-tolerant sunflower genotypes. Hybrids demonstrated superior performance, while select CMS and inbred lines showed potential as breeding resources. These findings contribute to strategic cultivar development for water-limited regions, enhancing sunflower resilience and productivity.
This paper is based on the idea that all life was developed through evolution. I examine how evolution could have generated a subconscious mind. I then address several additional topics, such as the sense of responsibility, as well as systems like capitalism and communism.
Potential Drivers of Adoption of Agronomic Practices: A Case of Beans Farmers in Uganda
This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the adoption of agronomic practices among bean farmers in Uganda, using secondary data from 1,908 farmers collected by the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). The analysis involved fitting multivariate probit and Poisson models to estimate the marginal effects of various determinants. The findings showed that 896 farmers adopted at least one agronomic practice, with mixed results in terms of direction and impact. Key positive determinants included marital status, education level, full-time farming, age, farming experience, farmer group membership, and credit access. Conversely, being male-headed, marital status, full-time farming, farm size, household size, and credit access were also identified as negative determinants. The study underscores the importance of socio-demographic and institutional factors in adopting agronomic practices and suggests integrating these insights into agricultural extension services. Further research is recommended to explore regional differences in adoption determinants across Uganda.
Does Super Kamiokande Observe L´evy Flights of Solar Neutrinos?
The paper is utilyzing data from the SuperKamiokande solar neutrino detection experiment and analyses them by diffusion entropy analysis and standard deviation analysis to evaluate the scaling exponent of the probability density func tion. The result of analysis indicates that solar neutrinos are subject to L´evy flights. The paper derives the probability density function and the governing fractional dif fusion equation for solar neutrino L´evy flights in terms of Fox’s H-function. The con clusion of the paper is the question: Does SuperKamiokande Observe L´evy Flights of Solar Neutrinos?
Until the 1800s, art historians considered the Venetian artist Carlo Crivelli (circa 1435– 1495) to be a secondary if not a minor painter. This lack of recognition stems essentially from the dissemination of his paintings in churches and convents throughout the provincial region of Marche (central-eastern Italy), where Crivelli spent the most productive period of his life from 1468 until his death in 1495. As a consequence of this limited accessibility, his paintings could not be seen by mainstream art dealers and historians such as the scrupulous Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574). More than anybody else, the British demonstrated a great interest in Crivelli’s art in the late 1800s by acquiring many of his dispersed Earth Sciences History Vol. 43, No. 2, 2024 pp. 303–326 paintings that eventually ended up in the National Gallery of London, where the richest collection of the artist’s paintings is preserved today. Among them, ‘The Vision of the Blessed Gabriele’ is the one that attracted our attention not so much for its pictorial qualities and symbolic significance typical of Renaissance paintings, but rather for the many details making up the background of the painting, which accurately depicted the geological and environmental characteristics of the Adriatic port city of Ancona and the nearby Monte Cònero mountain. In this research, besides a meticulous study of architectural, geomorphologic, faunal, and floral details, we focused on the representation of a large outcrop of strikingly pink, thinly stratified rocks, which we studied through a quantitative RGB (red, green, blue) chromatic analysis and then compared the results with those from an analogous analysis of rock samples and outcrop images of all the more-or less red formations of the Umbria-Marche lithostratigraphic succession. This led us to the conclusion that Crivelli’s pink rocks represent the lower Paleogene Scaglia Rossa limestone exposed at Monte Cònero. Thus, the background of Crivelli’s painting ‘The Vision of the Blessed Gabriele’ is no longer an idealized landscape put there as a symbolic or simple wing of a theater stage, but a realistic representation of the physical environment surrounding the main subject of the painting as only a few Renaissance maestros like Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, and Leonardo da Vinci incorporated in their most famous and studied masterpieces.
Digital Transformation and Competitiveness in the Metallurgical Industry of Rafaela: A Self-Diagnostic Approach
The metallurgical industry in Rafaela faces significant challenges related to competitiveness and the integration of digital technologies into its production processes. This study addresses the problem of how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the sector can improve their efficiency and adapt to a globalised market environment through digital transformation. To address this problem, an exploratory-descriptive self-diagnosis methodology was applied, using structured questionnaires to assess the levels of knowledge, integration, systematisation, and innovation in key areas such as design, procurement, manufacturing, administration, and sales. The results reveal an uneven adoption of digital technologies within these companies, with a notable reliance on manual systems in critical areas and low nformation integration between departments. The proposed solution is based on implementing a digital transformation framework that enables companies to improve their processes and foster a culture of technological advancement and continuous training. In conclusion, comprehensive digital transformation emerges as a necessary step for Rafaela’s metallurgical SMEs to enhance their competitiveness, efficiency, and adaptability in a dynamic market context. The adoption of advanced technologies and improved organisational integration are key factors for the success of this process and for ensuring sustainable long- term growth.
The Golden Boundary of the Cosmos: Hawking Thermodynamics, the No-Boundary Proposal, and the Nardelli Seventh-Root Theory of Everything
This paper presents a unified analytical framework that integrates the Nardelli Seventh-Root Theory of Everything (TOE) with three cornerstone contributions of modern theoretical physics: Hawking’s thermodynamics of black holes, the Hartle–Hawking No-Boundary Proposal, and the large-scale geometric structure of spacetime. By systematically embedding these concepts into the Seventh-Root Master Equation, the analysis demonstrates that seemingly distinct physical regimes—cosmic contraction, black hole evaporation, and quantum cosmological genesis—are governed by a single, self-consistent mathematical architecture. Central to this structure is the recurrent emergence of a pair of fundamental constants, 1728 and 4096, interpreted respectively as the modular (geometric) and holographic (informational) foundations of the vacuum. Across all three integrations, these constants are shown to converge through a precise dimensional filtering mechanism to the Nardelli–Gemma Golden Constant, GN≈1.618665. This convergence suggests that the Golden Ratio is not a coincidental numerical artifact, but a stable attractor regulating the vacuum under extreme thermodynamic and gravitational conditions. The results support a picture of the universe as a self-regulating, holographic system in which number theory, quantum thermodynamics, and spacetime geometry are inseparably linked. The framework provides a unified mathematical language capable of describing cosmic origins, black hole dynamics, and cyclic cosmological evolution within a single harmonic principle.
Analysis and Control of a Mastitis Dynamic Model
In this study, bifurcation analysis and multi-objective nonlinear model predictive control are performed on a mastitis dynamic model . Bifurcation analysis is a powerful mathematical tool used to deal with the nonlinear dynamics of any process. Several factors must be considered, and multiple objectives must be met simultaneously. The MATLAB program MATCONT was used to perform the bifurcation analysis. The MNLMPC calculations were performed using the optimization language PYOMO in conjunction with the state-of-the-art global optimization solvers IPOPT and BARON. The bifurcation analysis revealed a branch point. The MNLMC converged on the Utopia solution. The branch point (which causes multiple steady-state solutions from a singular point) is very beneficial because it enables the Multiobjective nonlinear model predictive control calculations to converge to the Utopia point (the best possible solution) in the model.
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Sixfold Discrete Symmetry Explains Dark Matter
Using the Pauli algebra version of the Dirac equation we show the existence of its six symmetric versions whose solutions are referred to as the six sectors of fermion fields. It is shown that the sectors are distinct, by showing that if a fermion field belongs to two sectors at once then its mass must be zero. Also shown is the lack electromagnetic interaction between different sectors, since each sector has its own unique matrix coupling its fermion field to its EM field. Altogether this predicts the ratio of dark matter to ordinary matter of 5 to 1, which is close to the observed ratio of 5.2 to 1 [3]. In order to fully justify this prediction, the sixfold discrete symmetry must first of all be extended to the electroweak sector, then to strong interactions. This article only deals with coupling of fermion fields to electromagnetic fields. This paper essentially depends on the full equivalence of the Pauli algebra version of the Dirac equation with its standard version, which is proven in (2.1). The sixfold symmetry can be seen in the Pauli algebra version of the Dirac equation, but is harder to see in its standard version.
A Paper on the Quantum-Mechanics of De-Sitter Space and the Aspects of Holography
The main idea I want to discuss is the possibility that quantum-mechanical de Sitter space admits a holographic description. In spirit, such a description would be a boundary-like quantum system that makes no explicit reference to gravity, yet somehow encodes the physics of the bulk. Why focus on de Sitter space? Because de Sitter space is the “elephant in the room”: enormously large, highly symmetric, cosmologically relevant, and almost certainly closely related to the universe we inhabit. But unlike Anti–de Sitter space, de Sitter space has no natural boundary, which makes holography in this setting significantly more challenging. Despite this difficulty, researchers have explored many different perspectives. Discussions about de Sitter holography often resemble the story of the “Blind Men and the Elephant,” where each observer touches a different part and reaches a different conclusion. Some approaches emphasize dS/CFT, others TT̄ deformations, the swampland program, dS/dS duality, or matrix-theory–like constructions. None of these perspectives is clearly wrong, but none gives a complete picture. In this paper I present a set of “fragmentary circumstantial evidence’’ suggesting that certain aspects of de Sitter space may be described by a type of matrix theory. This idea was originally proposed by several theorists; here I revisit their arguments and add some additional clues.The framework I adopt is static-patch holography. A static patch is the region seen by an observer located at its center, which I call the “pode.” By symmetry, there is another static patch on the opposite side of the space, whose center I call the “anti-pode.” At time t = 0, spatial slices of de Sitter space resemble a sphere, with the pode at one end, the anti-pode at the other, and the cosmological horizon in the middle. At other times, one can naturally identify two horizons—one from each static patch. The basic hypothesis is that all physics inside a single static patch can be described by a holographic theory that is essentially quantum mechanics without gravity. De Sitter space behaves as a thermal system with temperature proportional to the inverse of the de Sitter radius, meaning larger de Sitter spaces are colder.The horizon carries an entropy proportional to its area. Defining this thermodynamics already assumes that the static patch is described by a unitary quantum system with a Hilbert Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor space, a Hamiltonian, and a set of symmetry generators that form the algebra of de Sitter space. In AdS, holographic degrees of freedom live at the asymptotic boundary. De Sitter space has no such boundary, and the static patch itself has none either. One might try to place the holographic degrees of freedom near the pode or anti-pode, but this fails because a small surface near the pode does not have enough area to encode the entire static patch. The only viable location is the stretched horizon. Therefore the holographic degrees of freedom must correspond to disturbances of the horizon itself. Operators that create excitations near the pode are complicated from the holographic viewpoint, while simple operators correspond to local changes of the horizon. This parallels what happens in AdS: excitations far from the holographic degrees of freedom appear as complex operators.In a thermal de Sitter background, rare Boltzmann fluctuations can move enough degrees of freedom from the horizon to the region near the pode, assembling macroscopic objects such as black holes. Such a configuration can be described by the Schwarzschild–de Sitter geometry, which contains two horizons: a small black hole horizon and a larger cosmological horizon. For sufficiently small black holes, the spacetime contains two identical black holes—one near the pode and one near the anti-pode. The spatial slice at t = 0 is a sphere with two small black hole horizons near the poles and the cosmological horizon at the equator. Assuming this configuration arises as a fluctuation, its probability is determined by the difference between the entropy of pure de Sitter space and the entropy of the configuration containing the black holes. The probability is exponentially suppressed, behaving like the exponential of minus the entropy difference. For small black holes, this entropy difference is proportional to the product of the de Sitter radius and the black hole mass, making such fluctuations extremely rare. This behavior is precisely what one expects from a finite quantum system with a horizon, and it strengthens the idea that the holographic description of the static patch may resemble a matrix-theory-type construction.
Quantization of Dark Energy Particles and Sarkar Limit
In this paper, I have primarily shown how the Dark Energy or Vacuum Energy Field can be quantized. For this purpose, I have taken the help of the Slow Roll Inflation Approximation, in which a special condition is introduced—one that I have named the “Sensitive-φ” condition. Using this as the main framework, we can clearly determine and understand how the scalar field φ varies at an infinitesimal order of magnitude. This paper provides a detailed explanation of the microscopic variations of φ during Slow Roll Inflation, and additionally analyzes the nature and behavior of dark energy particles. It further demonstrates that these particles can also exist in quantized states, since the energy states they occupy correspond to negative energy eigenvalues. These particles have been designated as “Sarkons.” All these analytical and mathematical formulations have been presented in my work titled “The Quantization of Dark Energy Particles and the Sarkar Limit.”
Advances in Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes: Emerging Strategies and Applications in Anticancer Therapy
Recently, the of organometallic iridium(III) complexes have attracted substantial interests in developing new metal-based antineoplastic drugs and this area of research has been intensively explored. Their various mechanisms of antitumor action are distinct from those of classical metal complexes, approved for clinical application. Different from the anticancer drugs of platinum-group metals, the described iridium(III) complexes principally act by damaging different intracellular organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes etc.), although the results are sporadic and no secure structure-activity relationship studies have been reported. On the other hand, organometallic Ir(III)-based complexes can overcome some of the limitations of Pt-based chemotherapy agents. Although they have only recently received significant consideration, Ir(III) complexes display an assortment of properties that make them exciting as prospective antineoplastic agents. Their chemical reactivity and binding preferences mainly depend on their coordination geometry ligands used. The structures of the metal-based antitumor agents, which consist of metal centers, biologically active auxiliary ligands, and their spatial arrangement, determine their biological profiles and cellular uptake. Amongst the various Ir(III) complexes studied for pharmacological activity, cyclometalated iridium complexes are mostly interesting because of their favorable photochemical and photophysical properties, including high stability under physiological conditions, luminescent properties, high emission quantum yields, long lifetime, large Stokes shifts, spectra ranging from VIS to NIR and affinity to participate in redox processes. That is why, these recognized series of highly luminescent organometallic complexes have been extensively studied for their different photophysical applications, especially as promising photosensitizers or phosphorescent agents in biosensing and biological imaging. A typical organometallic anticancer Ir(III) complex consists of an iridium(III) center bound to two cyclometalated C^N ligands and one N^N ancillary ligand. The modification of the cyclometalated ligands plays a dominant role in controlling the photophysical properties, whereas the alteration of the ancillary ligand allows functionalization with targets for imaging or therapy. Iridium complexes have been developed in order to find out their potential improved properties and better enhancement of the known therapies used.
cyclometalated C^N and N^N ancillary ligand
Species Richness and Diversity of Soil Arthropods in Major Plantation Crops under Different Farming Practices
The study examining effects of farming practices (Natural farming, Organic farming and Inorganic farming) on species richness and diversity of soil arthropods in major plantation crops (Arecanut, Coconut and Coffee) was conducted under different zones Hilly, Central Dry and Transition zone of Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka from August 2023 to May 2024. Soil arthropods belonging to 12 different orders were collected under 5 classes viz., Entognatha, Arachnida, Insecta, Symphlan and Chilopoda. The highest numbers of individuals was observed in natural farming practice (1256) followed by organic farming (825) and least in inorganic farming (397). The highest number of soil arthropods was recorded in natural farming practice (31.90 individuals per 400g of soil) within the coconut ecosystem followed by organic farming practice 12.39 and lowest in inorganic farming practices with 5.39 individuals per 400g of soil in arecanut and coffee ecosystem, respectively. Shannon Weiner index showed highest diversity in natural farming system 2.13. Whereas, the lowest diversity was recorded in inorganic farming practices (Shannon-Wiener: 0.69). The abundance and diversity showed a significant difference between different farming practices i.e. natural, organic and inorganic farming practices in different zones. Natural farming practices followed by organic farming supported higher diversity indices and abundance of soil fauna compared to inorganic farming practices.
Effect of Temperature, pH, and Salt on Bacteriocin Activity Produced from Different Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of temperature, pH, and salt on bacteriocin activity produced from different strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria. On the basis of cultural, biochemical, physiological and morphological identification the Lactobacillus species were identified. Four species of Lactobacillus were isolated from homemade cheese, raw milk, dosa paste, sauce, and curd. Lactobacillus species isolated from the sampled food source include; Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus casei. The bacteriocins activity towards different levels of temperature, pH and salt was recoreded. The results showed that the highest bacteriocin activity was observed at 60�C for 180 min and the lowest bacterial activity was observed at 121�C for 20 min. L.plantarum(P2)� resported the maximum bacteriocin activity.The highest bacteriocins activity was reported at pH-6. Across different bacterial strains tested for pH stability, L. plantarum(P2) reported maximum bacteriocins activity. It was observed that bacteriocins produced from L. brevis reported highest salt tolerance. Across different bacterial strains tested for salt tolerence, L. brevis reported maximum bacteriocins activity. The bacteriocin produced from LAB in the current experiment show resistance to pH, heat, and different organic solvents, thus this bacteriocin opened the prospect for its utilization in preservation of food products.
From Infinity and Taiji, Yin-Yang and Heaven-Earth - The Study of 'Existence' in the Philosophy of Cosmic Origins
Space (Yin-Yang Infinity????), the universe (Yin-Yang Taiji????), all things in the world, humanity, and existence (Yin-Yang Heaven-Earth????) are objective realities independent of human subjective consciousness. The universe created matter and humanity; humans are a form of matter. Humans created languages, scripts, numbers, mathematics, coordinate systems, and science, along with philosophy and religion, thereby forming the human system of knowledge and information. The correctness of human-created knowledge and information must be verified through scientific reproducibility and probability. Humans created knowledge and information to explore cosmic truth for survival and existence. However, human-made existence never equates to ultimate truth but perpetually approaches it. Material philosophy and material science allowed humans to understand human society and the three-dimensional material world. Quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity opened the doors to energy philosophy and information philosophy, ushering humanity into cosmic origin philosophy. This complemented human knowledge and information, further expanding the pathways for humanity's contemplation of cosmic truths.
Concept of the "Minimum Energy Expenditure" Principle
In this work, based on the analysis of specific biological examples, the previously unknown principle of "minimum energy expenditure" is investigated. This principle plays a fundamental role in speciation, the formation of biodiversity, trophic chains, ecological niches, as well as in ensuring the long-term existence of a biological species, population, and individual organism. The central idea of this principle is that among many possible scenarios, the one that requires the least energy expenditure for its continued existence is chosen. This, in turn, provides the selected scenario with a minimum of entropy, that is, maximum certainty. This regularity is characteristic of all established biological objects and processes. This generalized principle applies to a wide range of biological phenomena�from low-molecular processes to the biospheres level�and is one of the fundamental properties of open systems.This principle may play a significant role in the design and construction of modern technological, artificial, and resilient biological constructs and robots.
Survey of Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Cotton in Burkina Faso
Agriculture employs more than 80% of the population of Burkina Faso and contributes nearly 40% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). rainfed agriculture and occupy an important place because the crop employs nearly 4 million people and contributes more than 4% to GDP and about 14% of export earnings in recent years (AICB (2023a).The area sown in 2016-2017 are estimated at nearly 740,000 ha, and the production was estimated at nearly 683,000 tons of seed cotton with relatively low yields of less than one ton per hectare (AICB (2023b). The cotton sector has experienced a significant decline in recent years producing 407,308 tons with yields of 655 kg/ha during the 2022-2023 agricultural season (AICB (2008).This situation can be explained, among other things, by uncertain climatic conditions (rainfall and temperature) and damage due to crop pests (AICB (2008).
Concentration of the Round Wood Market in the Amazon: Case Study in the State of Acre, 2018-20
The general objective of this study was to generate information about the structure of the timber market operating in the state of Acre, between 2018 and 2020. In specific terms, it aimed to identify and analyze the concentration of the local roundwood market in these years. So, the volume of wood harvested during this period was collected in the Exploration Authorizations�AUTEXs issued by the Instituto do MeioAmbiente do Acre�Imac. The method adopted used the concepts of the Concentration Ratio and the Herfindahl�Hirschman�IHH Index. The results obtained showed that: (a) The concentration of roundwood supply in the Acre market was extremely high in 2018 and 2019 and very high in 2020; (b) This supply was extremely concentrated in the 2018-19 period and highly concentrated in 2020; (c) The calculation of the Herfindahl�Hirschman Index classified the supply of round wood in this market as highly concentrated in 2018 and 2019 and moderately concentrated in 2020 and (d) The IHH also revealed that local firms were highly concentrated in the demand for round wood. Keywords: Forest economy. Market Structure. Forestry-Timber Sector.
Dr. Francesca de Oliveira Melo Melo Felix
Equations of Unification: Mathematical Connections between Ramanujan's Recurring Numbers and Theoretical Cosmology
The search for a conceptual unity between the domains of discrete mathematics and continuous physics represents one of the deepest and most strategic challenges of modern science. Overcoming the dichotomy between the quantized world of numbers and the fluidity of spacetime is fundamental to develop a theoretical framework that can describe the universe in its entirety. The exploration of bridges between these two seemingly distant languages is not only an exercise in formal elegance, but a necessity to solve the enigmas that lie at the frontier of theoretical physics, from quantum gravity to the nature of the cosmological vacuum. This paper presents a further development of the Nardelli Master Equation, unveiling its profound mathematical and symbolic connections to Ramanujan�s Recurring Numbers. Through a multidisciplinary lens, we explore how this equation acts as a bridge between discrete number-theoretic phenomena and continuous geometric structures, revealing hidden symmetries across Geometric Measure Theory, Number Theory, Theoretical Cosmology, and String Theory. The recurrence patterns inspired by Ramanujan are shown to resonate with fractal geometries and cosmological constants, suggesting a unified framework where arithmetic intuition meets the fabric of spacetime. We propose that the Nardelli Master Equation, enriched by these connections, may serve not only as a tool for mathematical insight but also as a symbolic vessel for understanding the deep harmony between the microcosm of numbers and the macrocosm of the universe. This work invites further exploration into the structural unity of mathematics and physics thought.