London Journal of Research In Science: Natural and Formal
London Journal of Research In Science: Natural and Formal London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal, is focused on publishing groundbreaking ideas on theoretical and experimental research in all the domains of science including physics, chemistry, and bio-tech. The journal has a dedicated team for reviewing articles of COVID-19 to make sure the research is valid and published first. It provides practical, theoretical, and managerial implications useful for further research development. As a flagship scholarly journal, It is a peer-reviewed, international, indexed journal. The journal publishes high-quality research papers that are double-blind refereed. Authors and readers include academic researchers and educators, as well as scientists. SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
A Review on the Application of Improved Fish Handling and Smoking: Safe Quality and Potential Business Venture for Developing Countries
Fish products play an important role in improving human nutrition and economic growth. 5 However, many communities and poor rural households relying on fish to meet their end needs are still constrained by post-harvest losses of fish and fish products in the value chain due to spoilage, expensive processing technologies and inability to start a fish business venture. To address such concerns or losses, this study provided a comprehensive review on acceptable practices to address potential hitches threatening safety of fish and fish products, specific factors influencing the smoking process and the reward for adopting improved techniques as well as eight stimuli for safe food processing and production in developing countries. It was emphasized hat good hygiene, improved handling and smoking are critical drivers that reward improved quality of ish products and better earnings to the local communities. Selection of fuel and smoking kiln, 4 addition of salt and other factors affecting the smoking process also play an important role in 15 extending the shelf life of the products and lure consumers?? preferences. Additionally, eight stimuli 16 have been identified as incentives to boost safe fish processing and production. The stimuli and 17 other recommended approaches reviewed in this study target a lucrative endeavor to improve 18 livelihood and earnings for the local people and attract international consumers to boost national 19 economy as well. The outcome can lead to diversification of income generating opportunities, 20 rather than relying on non-food producing sectors, that may surmount food insecurity and poverty 21 in rural or remote areas in developing countries. Further studies should be conducted on the 22 economic performance, consumption pattern as well as quantitative & qualitative assessment of the nutritional contents and microbial profile of fresh and smoked fish products in South Sudan and other developing countries to unmask the improved aspect discussed.
improved fish handling; perishable products; fish smoking; food safety; food security; 26 production incentives; business venture; South Sudan; developing countries.
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On the Geometrical Structure of Natural Numbers
This work studies the natural powers of prime numbers as the building blocks of a Euclidian vector semispace. Some vectors generate the composite natural numbers by defining an appropriate geometrical norm. One also studies the structure of extended Mersenne numbers within this geometric point of view. Further geometric applications and extensions of the powers of natural numbers are also studied with the help of inward vector operations. Two research lines follow the first discussion on the geometrical aspects of natural numbers: the extension of the Fermat theorem and the Euler- Riemann function.
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Asymptotic Normality of the Encompassing Test Associated to the linear Parametric Modelling and the Kernel Method for α-Mixing Processes
This paper contributes on model selection between parametric and nonparametric methods through the use of encompassing test. We provide asymptotic normality of encompassing statistic associated to the encompassing hypothesis for parametric and nonparametric regres- sion methods. We develop various results on this test for more general processes satisfying several dependence structures.
The mΘ structure introduce pure and applied mathemat- ics using the set FpZ = Fp ∪ {xpZ | e(x ≡ 0(mod(p)))}, p prime, to then present mathematical structures resulting from the sets originally introduced F. Ayissi Eteme [6]. This work consists in defining on FpZ the notion of Ham- ming code according to mΘ set structure. We show a relation between mΘ protocol F5 and Hamming mΘ code. By using this relation, we get a new steganography based on the bit modalities of a code word.
Solution to Four Mathematical Physics Problems
This paper addresses four of the “toughest” problems in mathematical physics. We use our knowledge of AT Math which should be well know to you by now. I began my research in January of 2016 when I questioned whether pi and base e terminate. Of course, they do or we wouldn’t have a physical universe. Really, my research began when I was in grade 6 contemplating tangents to circles and how God broke out of the never-ending cycle. We end with this paper today that contemplates the circle in another form, that of Pi. Good bye, good luck and bon chance!
Separatrix separation; exponents and dimensions; impossibility theorems
In this brief paper, we show the calculations that confirm that Astrotheology is the correct and most advanced and ancient physics theory ever assembled.
For the sake of posterity and human interest, I thought I’d record my recollections of how I came to develop Astrotheology Theory. Astrotheology I, of course, the latest correct version of how the universe came to be and is sustained. It gives us the Structure of the Universe (an ellipsoid) and the Superforce. It gives us the Teflon Ether and a useful formula for energy, time, mass, and space. Also, we see how the human mind is calibrated to pick up on the signal that is the known universe.
Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Hemodialysis Patients Seen in Some Hemodialysis Centers in Lomé
Chronic renal failure (CKD) is kidney damage defined by a permanent decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) characterized by biological signs present for more than three months. Protein-energy malnutrition (PED) in hemodialysis is also a factor of morbidity and mortality in patients with a prevalence ranging from 15 to 75% worldwide. However, the care of hemodialysis patients often does not include nutritional care. This study aims to contribute to the promotion of the health of patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, by evaluating their nutritional status and identifying the incriminating diets in the deterioration of their health. This is a cross-sectional, prospective and multicenter study, both descriptive and analytical over a period from May 05 to August 05, 2023. It focused on patients with chronic renal failure (CKD) treated with hemodialysis in the clinics “Unidial”, “Martin Luther King” and the CMS “Maison du Hadj”. Nutritional status was assessed using ISRNM 2008 criteria. Mantel Haenszel's Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was used to compare proportions, relative risk (RR) to look for associations between variables, and Pearson's coefficient for correlations. It was included 32 patients whose average age was 53.13 ± 14.37 years. The prevalence of protein- energy malnutrition varied from 53.13 to 65.63% depending on the indicator used. A correlation between various malnutrition indicators was found with two risk factors. First, insufficient protein intake: serum albumin was correlated with arm circumference (r = 0.93; p = 0.0001). Second, insufficient energy intake with a BMI strongly correlated with arm circumference (r = 0.96; p = 0.0000). Obesity was present in 6.25% of cases. Abdominal obesity was 43.75% in women and 25% in men. Protein-energy malnutrition is therefore a frequent problem in hemodialysis. It is therefore necessary to improve the hemodialysis program with the integration of adequate and effective nutritional support through lifestyle and dietary interventions in chronic hemodialysis patients.
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The 50-Year CO₂ Balance: Crucial Roles of Agriculture, Forestry and the Ocean
CO₂ exchanges between continents, oceans and atmosphere are analyzed over the last 50 years, correcting for the importance of agriculture and forestry. Global crops capture and store an average of 40.4 GtCO₂/year, a flow greater than fossil emissions, both following population growth. The mineralization of agricultural and forestry biomasses releases 12.3 GtCO₂/year, leading to a stable continental balance of about 7.2 GtCO₂/year emitted. Contrary to previous studies, this one shows that the ocean has become an increasingly strong source of CO₂, from the neutrality of the 1970s to reaching an average of 10.4 GtCO₂/year over the last decade. Over the half-century, the ocean has contributed 55% to the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, with the remainder coming from the continents. These results challenge common assessments that underestimate the role of crop plants as CO₂ sinks and, as therefore, wrongly attribute to the ocean a role in absorbing anthropogenic emissions.
Rheological Evidence for a Probable Rarefied Crust and Fracture Characterization under Northern Harrat Rahat, Sw Saudi Arabia – Its Significance for Geothermal Prospects
We analysed the geothermal potential in the Northern Harrat Rahat (NHR), SW Saudi Arabia, where, a ‘Low-Gravity-Zone’ (LGZ) follows the eastern vent axis and also corresponds to a Low Resistive Zone (LRZ) at 10 to 15 km depth. Anomalous crustal rheological parameters (Vp, Vp/Vs, Density, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus and Acoustic-Impedance) are noticed on 2.5 km depth-slices underlying the LRZ which are based on receiver-function results from 13 seismic stations distributed within an area of 120 x 128 km 2 . Based on these, we inspect crustal rheology under an ENE-WSW traverse taken across the LGZ that unravels finer details of a Low Velocity Zone (LVZ), a Low Density Zone (LDZ), and Low Poisson ratio (σ) and Young’s modulus (E) zones in the depth direction over a lateral extent of 120 km at depths between 5 and 17.5 km. Further down, (i) the lower extent of LVZ and LDZ dips eastward from 17.5 to 25 km, suggesting a rarefied crust underneath, and (ii) both Vp and density depth sections illustrate appreciable gradient as they increase from east and west towards the central area beneath the REF seismic stations RH01 and RH14. The LVZ, LDZ and Low Poisson Ratio (σ) and Young’s Modulus (E) zones under NHR probably owe its origin to a raised geotherm in fractured crust that alters the crustal rheology and showing correspondence to vent axes. Compartmentalization of geophysical properties by orthogonal fractures/faults is used to propose a probable geologic model of heat transfer in the NHR.
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Influence of Bacau City’s Antropic Activities on the Heavy Metals Concentration Measured on Bistrita and Siret River Sides
The main objective of the current research is to determine the content of heavy metals from the Bistrita and Siret River banks, respectively Siret River – in Bridge Holt area, Siret River – canal UHE and Siret River- downstream confluence Bistrita/Siret. The choice of sampling points took into consideration the areas where the pollution sources are located. Established maximum values were not exceeded in the case of mercury in the soil for all three sampling points Siret River – in Bridge Holt area, Siret River – canal UHE and Siret River- downstream confluence Bistrita/Siret. Exceeding values recorded in the sampling points Siret River – in Bridge Holt area, Siret River – canal UHE and Siret River- downstream confluence Bistrita/Siret (for cadmium, nickel and chrome) resulted from discharged residual waters, industrial platforms form Bacau city and the improper storage of municipal waste.
How the Universe works Part 4. Philosophical basis of the of Space and Their Mathematical Interpretation
Space is a material structure, a container of material objects densely enveloped in energy. The main function of space is to ensure the vitality of the Universe in the process of interaction of objects of matter on the basis of intellectual and informational support of its basis – objective reality. The task of the latter is ensuring the failure-free execution of all processes of interaction, what is the basis of the vitality of the space of the Universe as a whole. The existence and development of subjective reality on the basis of biological life on our planet is based precisely on the vitality of objective reality and the intellectual and informational properties of space. Subjective reality is the consciousness of the life process, which is created as a result of the total process of life as a whole throughout the entire period of its existence. The body in which the process of life of a certain individual takes place is a material shell of the primary vitality based on the vitality of objective reality. The main function of subjective reality of biological life is to create a product that goes beyond the capabilities of objective reality. First of all, this is the process of functioning of renewable bioenergetics based on biological synthesis, and the creation of specific technological capabilities for influencing and controlling processes in objective reality. Nature itself, possessing all the prerequisites, cannot change itself, since it is not able to create the necessary conditions for this. Nature is able to provide all the processes of creating and ensuring jet motion, but it is not able to create a jet engine. Due to this, the activity of subjective reality has radically changed the natural conditions on earth. The vital capacity of space, possessing an extremely high level of intelligence, is provided by the intellectual and informational capacity of objective reality, which is the basis of the subjective reality of the Universe. Extremely important in this context is the mathematical interpretation of energy transfer processes in space, which are mathematically described by a mathematical sequence with the performance of work. The method of mathematical analysis, which significantly expands the possibilities of mathematical interpretation of energy transfer processes, provides the opportunityof creatingan universal formula for interaction in space.
From Infinity (Wuji 无极) to Taiji (太极)，Yin-Yang（阴阳）to Heaven-Earth（Qiankun乾坤): A Yin–Yang (阴阳) Philosophical Exploration of Existence and Cosmic Origins
Space (Yin-Yang Infinity阴阳无极), the universe (Yin-Yang Taiji阴阳太极), all things in the world, humanity, and existence (Yin-Yang Heaven-Earth阴阳乾坤) are objective realities independent of human subjective consciousness. The universe created matter and humanity; humans are a form of matter. Humans created languages, scripts, numbers, mathematics, coordinate systems, and science, along with philosophy and religion, thereby forming the human system of knowledge and information. The correctness of human-created knowledge and information must be verified through scientific reproducibility and probability. Humans created knowledge and information to explore cosmic truth for survival and existence. However, human-made existence never equates to ultimate truth but perpetually approaches it. Material philosophy and material science allowed humans to understand human society and the three-dimensional material world. Quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity opened the doors to energy philosophy and information philosophy, ushering humanity into cosmic origin philosophy. This complemented human knowledge and information, further expanding the pathways for humanity’s contemplation of cosmic truths.
Speed and the Speed of Light, Density, Change, and Absolute Zero-Motion and Change in the Principles of the Philosophy of the Cosmic Origin
Speed is a physical or sociological term for the motion and change of matter — the distance traveled by matter per unit of time and the rate of change in the structural form of “existence” per unit of time. It relates to the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system and is a physical unit associated with time and space. It represents human-created physical knowledge and information that “materializes” space and time（Materialization，serving as a necessary condition for studying physics, the motion and change of matter, and as an important unit in the philosophy of matter and a key reference indicator in the philosophy of the cosmic origin. The existence and change of position and structure are necessary indicators in the philosophy of matter and physics, and serve as causal–logical reference indicators in the philosophy of the cosmic origin. Density is the physical unit of matter or energy’s existence in three-dimensional space — the amount of matter–energy–existence per unit volume. It relates to the three-dimensional spatial coordinate system and describes the structure and form of space and the existence within space. It is human-created knowledge and information resulting from “materializing” space, representing a necessary condition for studying physics and the existence of matter, an important indicator in the philosophy of matter, and a key reference in the philosophy of the cosmic origin. It is unrelated to time and describes only the structural form of existence. The speed of light and absolute zero are theoretical limits discovered in physics — units in Einstein’s theory of relativity, Kelvin’s “theory of absolute zero,” as well as optics, electromagnetics, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics (Samo Liu, 2024i). They are important knowledge and information in the philosophy of the cosmic origin.
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On the Origin and Transfer of Dust Aerosols in the Direction of Volzhsky
This article examines forward and backward aerosol transport trajectories for the city of Volzhsky using the HYSPLIT dispersion model, using the example of August 19, 2022. A brief climatic description of summer 2022 conditions conducive to the formation of natural dust is provided.
Material and Non-Material Existence – A Study on the Cosmic Origin in Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a monumental work in the history of world philosophy. It provides unprecedented inspiration for the contemplation of the “unknown,” serving as a cornerstone for both Eastern and Western philosophical reflections on the material world. The ancient Greek philosophers proposed many unsystematic, contradictory, and fragmented notions of cosmic origin and ontology. In Metaphysics, these concepts were collected and synthesised; Aristotle analysed and critiqued them through the logical framework of the “known” material philosophy. Eastern philosophy also possesses systematic metaphysical concepts and grapples with the paradox of “being” and “non-being” in its contemplation of the cosmic origin. The Taoist philosophy, centred on the I Ching, emphasises the dialectical unity of “being” and “non-being,” with the central theme being the Tao-change and balance. When Buddhist philosophy entered China, its ideas of cosmic origin fused with those of Taoism. Confucian scholars then developed the unified Confucian-Buddhist-Taoist cosmological doctrine, which reached its zenith during the Song Dynasty (Feng Youlan, 2013). However, the languages, text, and numbers developed from the “known” material philosophy continue to dominate human intellectual expression, and the debates persist. Relativity theory, quantum mechanics, and the three industrial revolutions have transformed human understanding from material science to energy science and information science, proving that matter is the mutual transformation between energy (non-material) and matter under the control of mechanical information. Thus, the cosmic and material origin lies in the dynamic interplay of information (non-material) and energy (non-material)-the yin-yang essence of existence-seeking and attaining balance through perpetual motion and transformation. At its root, the universe itself is the coexistence and evolution of material and non-material existence under the participation of information.
“Newton’s Dynamic Laws” are concerned with the motion of bodies in orbits. Newton has published his Laws in 1684, [1], and expanded this work into later editions [2]. This work was written in Latin but it was translated in many versions in English, e.g. [3]. Because of his revolutionary ideas and his mastery of geometry, his work was not largely amenable to a great sector of scientists and physicists. Several attempts, e.g. [4]-[5] were made to simplify and clarify these laws. Modern derivations may be found in e.g. [6].
Gravitational Waves and Black Holes: Beyond the Mirror
E. Beltrami introduced in 1892 the Beltrami operator acting on six stress functions in order to parametrize the Cauchy stress equations of elasticity theory in space, similarly to the single Airy stress function for plane elasticity, but this number has been then reduced to three by J.C. Maxwell and G. Morera. In 1915, A. Einstein introduced the Einstein operator for general relativity (GR) in space-time without any reference to Beltrami though the comparison needs no comment. In fact, both are using the same operator, ignoring it is self-adjoint and confusing therefore stress functions with the variation of the metric. I proved in 1995 that the Einstein equations in vacuum cannot be parametrized like the Maxwell equations. This purely mathematical result proves that the ten equations of the gravitational waves (GW) are described by the adjoint of the Ricci operator and GW cannot thus exist, not because of a problem of detection but because of a more fundamental problem of equations that we shall point out. The second purpose of this paper is to prove also that black holes (BH) cannot exist, not for a problem of detection but because their existence should contradict the link existing between the Janet and Spencer differential sequences existing in differential geometry but never applied to GR. After recalling the way to construct these two sequences separately through explicit examples, we apply these results to Einstein equations, proving that the important object is not a metric but its group of invariance. Indeed, we shall explain why the Spencer sequence is isomorphic to the tensor product of the Poincar´e sequence for the exterior derivative by a Lie algebra of dimensions 10, 4 or 2 when dealing respectively with the Minkowski (M), the Schwarzschild (S) or the Kerr (K) metrics. Therefore, instead of shrinking down the dimension of this group, the idea is rather to enlarge the dimension of the group from 10 to 11 or 15 by using respectively the Poincar´e group of space-time, the Weyl group by adding 1 dilatation or the conformal group by adding 4 highly nonlinear elations along a way initiated by H. Weyl in 1918 for unifying electromagnetism with gravitation. Explicit motivating examples illustrate this paper at a student level, in order to introduce the new homological methods that are introduced for the first time in GR. Many among them are dealing with Lie pseudogroups that are groups of transformations solutions of systems of ordinary or partial differential equations.
Cost of Sustainable Timber Forest Management in the State of Acre, Brazilian Amazon
This study aimed to generate economics information on sustainable forest management in the state of Acre. Data collection addressed the following points: 1) prices of forest land and timber logs; 2) development and implementation of the Sustainable Forest Management Plan (SFMP) and the Annual Operational Plan (AOP); 3) forest harvesting and 4) timber transport to the sawmill. Basic data were obtained through interviews with forest consultants, timber industry entrepreneurs, and owners of firms involved in forest extraction. Different scenarios were considered: forests located $50 mathrm{km}$, $100 mathrm{km}$, and $150 mathrm{km}$ from the city of Rio Branco; managed areas with and without permanent plots; and with the application of silvicultural treatments. The production cost was obtained using different interest rates, and a 25-year cutting cycle was adopted. In economic terms, forest management activities were evaluated by calculating the net present value (NPV) and the production of log delivered to the sawmill yard was evaluated by calculating the marketing margin. The results generated in this study on forest management practices in the state of Acre allowed us to infer the following main conclusions: 1) the average cost of producing standing timber in an area located $50 mathrm{km}$ from the Rio Branco timber hub increases by approximately $0.82\%$ with the installation and measurement of permanent plots throughout the cutting cycle and 2) the marketing margin for logs indicates that for more distant areas ($150 mathrm{km}$)) this activity is unfeasible.
Chemical-Environmental Aspects of Measures to Eliminate the Chemical Weapon Destruction Consequences
The paper presents the basic requirements for carrying out measures to eliminate the consequences of activities at chemical weapons destruction facilities, describes technological approaches for implementing measures to eliminate the consequences of the destruction of skin abscesses and phosphorus-organic toxic substances, and evaluates their effectiveness. Thе chemical-toxicological characteristic of the waste generated during the implementation of liquidation measures is given, the environmental risks of these measures are analyzed, including the risks of long-term storage of toxic waste in appropriate storage areas. The ways to reduce the negative environmental impact of the consequences of carrying out liquidation measures at the facilities for the destruction of lewisite, sarin and soman are proposed
Possible Relationship between Sea Quarks Distribution Functions and Valence Distribution Functions in Proton
We attempt to show a possible relationship between sea quarks distribution functions and valence quark distribution functions in proton by considering Atlas experiment results, We obtain similar behavior of valence u quark and valence d quark distribution functions by considering that sea quarks is unbound state and by assuming that its distribution functions is described as a close state of our unbound pion distribution functions.
Overview of Co₂ Emissions in Yemen with Predictive Models of Emission Reduction Beyond 2025-based Multi Dimensional Criteria
This study investigates Yemen’s current carbon emission trends and explores strategic pathways for achieving significant reductions by 2050., the paper identifies challenges in the energy, transport, and industrial sectors while proposing a multi-phase strategy for low-carbon transition. The results suggest that implementing renewable energy initiatives and policy reforms could reduce Yemen’s emissions , emission trends was simulated under multi objectives effective parameters to predict emission adoption scenarios., a predicting model have been created linking renewable capacity expansion to emission reduction Focused primarily on projections; limited policy evaluation. The primary objective of this modeling study is to assess the relationship between renewable energy expansion mainaly and carbon emissions in Yemen from 1990 to 2035, under different socio-economic and policy-driven scenarios. The research aims to identify the most effective pathways for achieving low-carbon growth in a fragile, conflict-affected context. a review of historical research on renewable energy and carbon emissions in Yemen from 1990 to 2025. Despite the global shift toward renewable energy, Yemen remains highly dependent on fossil fuels, which has led to rising CO₂ emissions and increasing energy insecurity. The review synthesizes key studies addressing Yemen’s energy transition, renewable deployment, and emission trends, highlighting the progress, limitations, and existing research gaps that justify future modeling-based investigations. The review finds that while several works discuss renewable potentials and policy frameworks, few studies quantitatively analyze carbon-emission reduction under renewable energy expansion scenarios. This study provides a quantitative modeling framework for assessing the relationship between renewable energy expansion and carbon emission reduction in Yemen. Historical analysis (1990–2025) shows consistent emission growth driven by economic and demographic pressures. Simulation results for 2026–2035 confirm that renewable energy adoption—particularly under the High RE Scenario—could substantially reduce national emissions and foster sustainable economic recovery.
Soil Quality at Twiga 1, Waste Site in Turkana County
The exploration and production of petroleum resources create both opportunities and environmental challenges for sustainable development. In Kenya, the Government, along with private investors, has pursued oil and gas activities in the Anza, Mandera, Lamu, and Tertiary Rift Basins. Sixty-three petroleum exploration blocks were created through Gazette Notice No. 3344 on May 13, 2016, and later reduced to fifty through Gazette Notice No. 4832 on April 16, 2025. This study evaluated the impact of petroleum operations on soil quality at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site in Turkana County (Block T7, previously 13T, Tertiary Rift Basin). It focused on concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). A descriptive cross-sectional and experimental design was used. Soil samples were collected using the grid sampling method. A soil auger was used for soil sampling, and samples were transported to the laboratory in well-labeled aluminum containers. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS-7000, Shimadzu). The study objectives were to i) assess the levels of lead and cadmium in the soil at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site, ii) determine the levels during the wet and dry season, and iii) compare the levels with established environmental standards. Heavy metal concentrations were found to be very low at all sites and in both seasons, remaining well below WHO and US EPA limits. In the wet season, mean concentrations (mg/kg) were: Pb (0.003–0.035) and Cd (0.000–0.003). During the dry season, slightly higher values were recorded than in the wet season: Pb (0.000–0.044) and Cd (0.000–0.004). Although the differences were small, they showed seasonal variation, with higher dry-season concentrations linked, limited leaching, moisture loss from evaporation, and dust deposition from the atmosphere. All concentrations were well below World health organization set limits (WHO) (Pb: 100 mg/kg; Cd: 1–3 mg/kg) and US EPA (Pb: 400 mg/kg; Cd: 70 mg/kg). The soils are therefore uncontaminated and safe for farming, living, and ecological purposes. Comparing p-values of heavy metal concentrations between wet and dry seasons (α = 0.05) supports the hypothesis that levels are higher in the dry season at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site. Lead (0.001–0.055) shows significant differences, while cadmium (0.000–0.046) provides strong evidence for higher levels in the dry season. Heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in the dry season compared to the wet season but remained below world health organization set limits (WHO) and US EPA limits. The increase in metal concentrations during the dry season highlights the impact of climate variability on soil chemistry. Although the soils at the Twiga 1 waste consolidation site are safe, ongoing monitoring is recommended to protect long-term soil health and environmental integrity around petroleum operations.
Supplementation of Tinospora Cordifolia on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemicals, Antioxidant Status and Histopathology of Hdk – 75 Pigs
Scanty information is available about importance of feeding of Tinospora cordifolia on the health and production of livestock. An investigation was conducted to study the effect of different levels of Tinospora cordifolia in HDK – 75 pigs. Twenty Four (24) number of pigs were randomly divided into four groups i.e. Control, T1, T2, and T3 groups containing six (6) animals in each group. The T1, T2, and T3 groups were the treatment groups where the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) were dried and in powdered form were given @ the rate of 0.5 %, 1.0 % , 1.5 % respectively mixed with rations. . The experimental rations were prepared according to BIS 1994 during 180 days experimental period. Compared to control and T1 group, by supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia the average daily body weight gain was seen highest T3 group (P 0.05 ) has been seen between the treatment and control groups. Histopathological study and blood parameters shows that supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia does not have any negative effect on liver and kidney. But supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia shows positive changes in T3 group compared to control group.
Performance of CMS-Lines, R-Lines, Inbreds, Hybrids and Varieties of Sunflower Genotypes for Drought Tolerant Traits
Background: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a vital oilseed crop known for its adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. Drought stress, however, significantly limits its productivity. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of biomass partitioning and root traits in enhancing drought tolerance. Yet, comparative performance across different genetic groups-cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, restorer (R) lines, inbreds, hybrids, and varieties-remains underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the drought tolerance potential of 48 sunflower genotypes, hypothesizing that hybrids and select parental lines exhibit superior root and biomass traits under water-limited conditions. The goal was to identify promising genotypes for breeding climate-resilient cultivars. Methods: A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed under controlled drought stress conditions. Eleven morphological and physiological traits were assessed, including root volume, root dry weight, root length, total dry matter (TDM), and specific leaf area (SLA). Statistical analyses included ANOVA for significance testing (P < 0.05), principal component analysis (PCA) to identify trait contributions, and biplot analysis for genotype clustering. Results: Significant genotypic variation was observed across all traits. Hybrids consistently outperformed other groups, particularly in TDM and root biomass. CMS-2B, CMS-104A, and IB-80 emerged as top-performing non-hybrids with robust root systems. Hybrids RSFH-1, KBSH-44, and KBSH-55 showed superior drought resilience. PCA revealed that PC1 accounted for 60% of the variance, dominated by TDM, root traits, and plant height, indicating overall plant vigor. PC2 (13.7%) captured the trade-off between leaf efficiency (SLA, SCMR) and structural resilience. Biplot analysis effectively grouped genotypes and highlighted promising paternal lines for drought-prone environments. Conclusions: The study underscores the value of multivariate analysis in identifying drought-tolerant sunflower genotypes. Hybrids demonstrated superior performance, while select CMS and inbred lines showed potential as breeding resources. These findings contribute to strategic cultivar development for water-limited regions, enhancing sunflower resilience and productivity.
This paper is based on the idea that all life was developed through evolution. I examine how evolution could have generated a subconscious mind. I then address several additional topics, such as the sense of responsibility, as well as systems like capitalism and communism.
Does Super Kamiokande Observe L´evy Flights of Solar Neutrinos?
The paper is utilyzing data from the SuperKamiokande solar neutrino detection experiment and analyses them by diffusion entropy analysis and standard deviation analysis to evaluate the scaling exponent of the probability density func tion. The result of analysis indicates that solar neutrinos are subject to L´evy flights. The paper derives the probability density function and the governing fractional dif fusion equation for solar neutrino L´evy flights in terms of Fox’s H-function. The con clusion of the paper is the question: Does SuperKamiokande Observe L´evy Flights of Solar Neutrinos?
Digital Transformation and Competitiveness in the Metallurgical Industry of Rafaela: A Self-Diagnostic Approach
The metallurgical industry in Rafaela faces significant challenges related to competitiveness and the integration of digital technologies into its production processes. This study addresses the problem of how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the sector can improve their efficiency and adapt to a globalised market environment through digital transformation. To address this problem, an exploratory-descriptive self-diagnosis methodology was applied, using structured questionnaires to assess the levels of knowledge, integration, systematisation, and innovation in key areas such as design, procurement, manufacturing, administration, and sales. The results reveal an uneven adoption of digital technologies within these companies, with a notable reliance on manual systems in critical areas and low nformation integration between departments. The proposed solution is based on implementing a digital transformation framework that enables companies to improve their processes and foster a culture of technological advancement and continuous training. In conclusion, comprehensive digital transformation emerges as a necessary step for Rafaela’s metallurgical SMEs to enhance their competitiveness, efficiency, and adaptability in a dynamic market context. The adoption of advanced technologies and improved organisational integration are key factors for the success of this process and for ensuring sustainable long- term growth.
Potential Drivers of Adoption of Agronomic Practices: A Case of Beans Farmers in Uganda
This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the adoption of agronomic practices among bean farmers in Uganda, using secondary data from 1,908 farmers collected by the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). The analysis involved fitting multivariate probit and Poisson models to estimate the marginal effects of various determinants. The findings showed that 896 farmers adopted at least one agronomic practice, with mixed results in terms of direction and impact. Key positive determinants included marital status, education level, full-time farming, age, farming experience, farmer group membership, and credit access. Conversely, being male-headed, marital status, full-time farming, farm size, household size, and credit access were also identified as negative determinants. The study underscores the importance of socio-demographic and institutional factors in adopting agronomic practices and suggests integrating these insights into agricultural extension services. Further research is recommended to explore regional differences in adoption determinants across Uganda.