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\title{Effect of Methanolic Extract of Mucuna Pruriens on Hormonal Modulation and Sperm Parameters in Male Rat}
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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\section[{I. INTRODUCTION}]{I. INTRODUCTION}\par
Infertility is an International problem that involves young couples having unprotected intercourse. According to global evidence, infertility in male ranges from 20-70\% \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. Declining male reproductive health is a major concern among the population of reproductive age. Various environmental factors causing male infertility are described in the scientific and medical literature \hyperref[b1]{(2)}. Numerous external and internal factors can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) above and beyond the capacity of cellular antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Exposure to Endocrine -Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) is ubiquitous in our everyday lives and may result in oxidative stress, which can have an impact on human reproduction and development \hyperref[b2]{(3)}. Pesticides such as Pyrethroids, Organophosphates, Peroxyacetic acids, Carbamates and Organochlorines have been investigated in the study of male fertility \hyperref[b3]{(4)}. Mankind that promoted a negative effect on the environment due to the increase of its own requirements and technology producing unfavorable consequences on the surroundings.\par
London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal 1, 2 Dibromo 3 chloropropane (DBCP), is one such organochlorine pesticide that was used widely for the control of Agricultural and Domestic pests. Twenty years after it was banned, it is still found in the environment, because it takes 140 years to degrade completely \hyperref[b4]{(5)}. Pesticides' effects on sperm parameters have been related in numerous studies \hyperref[b5]{(6)}. \hyperref[b6]{Teitelbaum (1999)} established that DBCP causes a significant reduction in spermatogenesis among pesticide manufacturing workers. Also, hormones play role in the fertility and infertility conditions. Thus, investigations on hormonal changes may be useful tool in the assessment of both fertility and infertility conditions. \hyperref[b7]{Whorton et al., 1977}\hyperref[b8]{, Kelce et al., 1995} {\ref , Bernard et al., 2007 (8-10)} also verified that DBCP also have estrogenic effects in males by blocking androgen receptors. It is well established that the acute stress that produces excess cortisol decreases the Testosterone production and suppress male sex hormones such as Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicular-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) \hyperref[b10]{(11)}\hyperref[b11]{(12)}\hyperref[b12]{(13)}.\par
Mucuna pruriens (M. pruriens) belongs to the family Fabaceae, native to tropical countries from Africa and Asia, including India, Bangladesh, Srilanka \& China \hyperref[b13]{(14)}. The seeds have been considered as magic velvet bean in several published reviews \hyperref[b14]{(15,}\hyperref[b15]{16)}. It has a long history in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, where it is used to treat for Diarrhea, Sexual Debility, Tuberculosis, Impotence, Rheumatic disorders \hyperref[b16]{(17,}\hyperref[b17]{18)}. \hyperref[b18]{Suresh et al., (2009)}  \hyperref[b18]{(19)} reported that M. pruriens helps in increasing the semen quality and it acts as aphrodisiac. M. pruriens seed is economically available all year and it contains phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins \hyperref[b19]{(20)}. Due to its richness in various biological activities, it has been characterized by in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-microbial agents, and natural antioxidants \hyperref[b20]{(21)}. M. pruriens is not only a reproductive enhancer, but also an important natural material for the treatment of male infertility \hyperref[b21]{(22)}. Thus, there is a great possibility that this plant may act through the mechanism of free radical removal in the management of reproductive toxicity. 
\section[{II. MATERIALS AND METHODS}]{II. MATERIALS AND METHODS} 
\section[{Animals}]{Animals}\par
Healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old), weighing between 160-220g were used in the present study. All rats were kept in plastic cages under the experiment room condition at Laboratory Animal Unit PGIBMS, University of Madras, India. The rats were housed under conditions of controlled temperature (26±2ºC) with 12 h light and 12 h dark exposure. The rats received a standard rat pellet diet and water ad libitum. 
\section[{Animal Ethics}]{Animal Ethics}\par
The 24 Sprague-Dawley Male Rats were obtained from the Central Animal House facility, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Rats were used as per the guidelines from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (07/021/08). 
\section[{Experimental design}]{Experimental design}\par
The rats were divided into four groups of six animals each in this experiment. Group I -Animals were treated as control (0.9\% saline  
\section[{Collection of samples}]{Collection of samples}\par
At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized by mild ether and euthanized by cervical dislocation. Blood was collected and was centrifuged at 4 ? C, 13,000 rpm for 15 min to separate the serum from the blood cells. After that, the testosterone and cortisol hormone levels were analyzed from the blood serum. The abdominal region was wiped with normal saline and the scrotum was dissected out. The testes, epididymis plus vas deferens were rapidly collected and their fat pads surrounding tissues were removed before weighed and recorded. Then the right testis and right epididymis plus vas deferens were fixed in Bouin's fixative (85 ml of saturated picric acid added to 10 ml of 40\% formaldehyde and made up to 100 ml with glacial acetic acid) for histological examinations. 
\section[{Preparation of Methanolic M. Pruriens Seed Extract}]{Preparation of Methanolic M. Pruriens Seed Extract}\par
The seeds of Mucuna pruriens were purchased from a local country drug shop, Chennai Tamilnadu, India. The seeds of M. pruriens were shade dried and then coarsely powdered. A known weight of the seed powder was soaked in 100\% methanol and kept at room temperature (22 ± °C) for 96 h. Then it was filtered, and the process was repeated three times. The extract was concentrated to obtain a semisolid viscous brown mass, which is "crude extract" by using a water bath. This crude extract is then resuspended in water and injected to rats for the experimental studies. 
\section[{III. SPERM ANALYSIS}]{III. SPERM ANALYSIS} 
\section[{Sperm morphology}]{Sperm morphology}\par
Sperm morphology was evaluated by determining the percentage of normal and abnormal forms by Diff-Quick staining method \hyperref[b22]{(23)}. To assess the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm, the cauda of epididymis was rinsed with 0.5 mL of physiological saline (0.9\% NaCl) to obtain a sperm suspension. Aliquots of sperm suspension were stained with 2\% eosin. Hundred spermatozoa per animal were analyzed microscopically at 400× magnification and counted spermatozoa with abnormal traits as follows: twisted body, detached head, round tails, and abnormal neck. 
\section[{Epididymal Sperm Count}]{Epididymal Sperm Count}\par
Epididymal sperm count of the control and treated animals was determined by the method as described by Latchoumycandane and Mathur, (2002) \hyperref[b23]{(24)}. An incision was made through the cauda of epididymis, light pressure was applied to this region, and sperm was extruded. 5µl aliquot of epididymal sperm was diluted with 95 µl diluent (5\% sodium bicarbonate, 10ml 0.35 \% formalin and 0.25 g trypan blue) and approximately 10 µl of this diluted sperm was allowed to stand for 5 min in a humit chamber to prevent drying. The sedimented sperms were counted under the light microscope at 400x magnifications. The measured sperm number was multiplied by the dilution factor to yield the total sperm count. 
\section[{Sperm concentration and motility}]{Sperm concentration and motility}\par
Epididymal sperms were counted with a hemocytometer using a method described by \hyperref[b24]{Yokoi et al., (2003)}  \hyperref[b24]{(25)}. 5 µl of sperm suspension was diluted with 95 µl of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) solution. Approximately 10 µl of the diluted sperm suspension was transferred to each counting chamber of the hemocytometer and was allowed to stand for 5 minutes. The settled sperms were counted with the help of a light microscope at 400x magnifications. Under light microscope, the sperm were counted within two upper and lower counting chambers in triplicate examinations and calculated to be sperm concentration (million cells/mL).\par
London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal\par
The percentage of motile sperm was evaluated microscopically in each sample by viewing a drop of sperm suspension obtained from left cauda epididymis diluted with Tris buffer solution (3.63 g of Trishydroxymethyl aminomethane, 0.50 g of glucose, 1.99 g of citric acid and 100 ml of distilled water) on a prewarmed (37ºC) slide and cover slip and observed under light microscopy at 400x magnification. Motility estimations were performed from four different fields in each sample. The mean of the four estimations were used as the final motility score \hyperref[b25]{(Sonmez et al., 2005}) (26). 
\section[{Dead and abnormal sperms}]{Dead and abnormal sperms}\par
20 µl of sperm suspension was mixed with an equal volume of 0.05\% eosin-Y (Sigma Chemicals). After 2 min of incubation at room temperature, slides were viewed under microscope at 400x magnification. Dead sperms appeared pink and live sperms were not stained. Two hundred sperms were counted for each sample and viability percentage was calculated. For the analysis of morphological abnormalities, sperm smears were drawn on clean slides, and allowed to dry in air overnight. The slides were stained with 1\% eosin-Y and 15\% nigrosin. This was examined at 400x magnifications for morphological abnormalities such as amorphous, head less, bicephalic, coiled or abnormal tails \hyperref[b26]{(Wyrobek et al., 1983}) \hyperref[b26]{(27)}. 
\section[{Sperm Vitality tests 3.5.1 Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS)}]{Sperm Vitality tests 3.5.1 Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS)}\par
The Hypo Osmotic Swelling (HOS) test was performed as described by Jeyendran et al., (1984) \hyperref[b27]{(28)}. This is based on the semi permeability of the intact cell membrane, which causes spermatozoa to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions when an influx of water results in an expansion of cell volume. Through HOS test the ability of the plasma membrane to transport water by subjecting the spermatozoa to hypo-osmotic conditions can be measured. 
\section[{Dye exclusion tests (Eosin and Nigrosin stain) Sperm vitality test}]{Dye exclusion tests (Eosin and Nigrosin stain) Sperm vitality test}\par
Eosin-nigrosin staining was used to assess the vitality of sperms. This test was studied according to the method of WHO (1999) \hyperref[b22]{(23)}. One drop of sperm suspension was mixed with two drops of 1 \% eosin Y. After 30 seconds, three drops of 10 \% nigrosin were added and mixed well. Thin smears were then prepared and observed under the light microscope at 400X magnification. Viable sperms remained colorless while non-viable sperms-stained red. 
\section[{Hormonal Assays}]{Hormonal Assays}\par
Blood samples were separated by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes to determine the testosterone (T), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormones (LH) levels \hyperref[b28]{(29)}.\par
Serum FSH was assayed by solid phase tube method by making use of a commercial kit obtained from Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), USA. Serum LH was assayed by solid phase coated tube methodology by making use of a commercial kit obtained from Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), USA. Serum testosterone was assayed by solid phase coated tube methodology by making use of a commercial kit obtained from Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), USA. 
\section[{Statistical analysis}]{Statistical analysis}\par
Data were presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple comparison method was used to compare the means of different groups by using SPSS.7.5 students version. 
\section[{London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal}]{London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal}\par
In this present investigation, the administration of DBCP has caused significant reduction in the weight of testis and accessory sex organs in group II with respect to its controls. On M. pruriens supplementation the weight of testis and accessory sex organs recovered remarkably (p ? 0.05), from the DBCP toxicity (Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}). The body weight of group III male rats shows significant improvement after treated with M. pruriens seeds.  
\section[{Sperm Count}]{Sperm Count}\par
The results demonstrated the decrease in sperm count of rats under stress.   
\section[{IV. RESULTS}]{IV. RESULTS} 
\section[{Bodyweight and Organ weight}]{Bodyweight and Organ weight} 
\section[{Hormonal Parameters}]{Hormonal Parameters}\par
Each value represents mean ± SD, a -Group II, III, IV compared with Group I, b -Group III compared with Group II * p<0.001; \# p<0.01; @ p<0.05; NS -Not significant Testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels in the male experimental rats were observed (Fig.  {\ref 3a},3b \&3c). The level of these hormones in the experimental rats followed similar trend. They were significantly less in group II rats which received 50mg/kg of DBCP. Contrarily, upon administration of M. pruriens extract these hormone levels were significantly increased in group III comparable to that of group II toxicity bearing rats. There was however no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the level of these hormones recorded in group 4 rats compared to control group.  In recent years, the major health concern is toxic effects of drug and environmental chemicals on Human reproductive system. Reproductive toxicity can be defined as adverse effect of chemical substance on sexual function and fertility effects on male and females or dysfunction of the reproductive system. The oxidative stress that causes dysfunction of male reproductive hormone, which could eventually lead to male infertility. According to global evidence, infertility is a common and severe health problem affecting 20-70\% of male population (1). Most of those patients were most likely exposed to toxicants, which may have contributed to their infertility \hyperref[b29]{(30)}.\par
In the present investigation, DBCP treated rats showed a significant decrease in body weight and testicular weight when compared to the control. This may be due to the disturbance in the general metabolic functions of the rats exposed to toxicant. It is reported that in toxicity conditions, the body weight of Experimental Animal is significantly reduced \hyperref[b30]{(31)}. In addition to these, hormonal changes may also be one of the reasons for weight loss \hyperref[b31]{(32)}. Also, the loss of testicular and epididymal weight may be due to reduced bioavailability of sex hormones \hyperref[b32]{(33)}. Additionally, it is suggested that the decrease in body weight may be for increased degeneration of lipids and proteins because of the direct effects of reproductive toxicant \hyperref[b33]{(34)}. Treatment with M. pruriens in Group III animal shows significant increase in the body and testicular weight. This may be due to the cytoprotective property of the seed extract \hyperref[b30]{(31)}.\par
The sperm count in the epididymis is one of the most sensitive tests for evaluating spermatogenesis \hyperref[b34]{(35)}. In the current study, administration of DBCP to group II animals caused the epididymal epithelium to degenerate, which resulted in a significant decrease in sperm count compared to group I control animals. Upon treatment with M. pruriens increase the sperm count due to the huge amounts of phenolic constituents that are characterized by free radical scavenging and high antioxidant activities which suppress the free radical mediated disturbances in sperm. This is in well accordance with \hyperref[b18]{Suresh et al., (2009)} and Chitra (2022) \hyperref[b18]{(19,}\hyperref[b21]{22)} revealed an increase in sperm count and motility by the seed extracts of M. pruriens.\par
Sperm motility is often used as a marker of chemically induced testicular toxicity. Sperm movement is important for sperm functional capacity and the assessment of sperm movement is useful for detection or evaluation of male reproductive toxicity \hyperref[b35]{(36)}. It is reported that the increase in the Oxidative stress leads to a decreased sperm motility, damage to the acrosome membranes and inability of the sperm to fertilize \hyperref[b36]{(37)}. In the present study, DBCP leads to diverse cells and oxidative damage to sperms can lead to DNA damage, alter membrane functions, impair motility.\par
Decrease in sperm motility and abnormal morphology of sperm was noticed in DBCP treated rats when compared to control rats. On the contrary, treatment with seed extract of M. pruriens, significantly increased the sperm motility and in contrast reduced the abnormal sperm morphology. This may be due to the protective and restorative effect rendered by the methanolic seed extract of M. pruriens. In view of this, \hyperref[b37]{Shami et al., (2009)}  \hyperref[b37]{(38)} have also reported that antioxidants play a major role in improving sperm morphology and sperm count.\par
The hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test was used for evaluating the functional integrity of human spermatozoa membranes, by evaluating its reaction under hypoosmotic conditions. In the present investigation exposure to DBCP caused severe plasma membrane damage in the sperm due to the generation of free radicals. The administration of M. pruriens stabilized and restored the normal membrane potential due to the presence of glycoside, saponins and sterols present in the seed extract.  \hyperref[b42]{(42)}\hyperref[b43]{(43)}\hyperref[b44]{(44)}. Testosterone is the main male gonadal hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the Leydig cells in the testis. The role of testosterone and gonadotrophin has been studied extensively in androgen-deficient rats using different models and in prevention of degeneration of spermatogenic cells \hyperref[b45]{(45)}. A reduction in testosterone level could be the primary cause of induction of infertility induced by the compound. Testosterone is one of the major indexes of androgenicity \hyperref[b46]{(46,}\hyperref[b34]{35)}. In the present study, there is a decline in testosterone levels in the DBCP treated group II rats. The reduced serum testosterone levels support the possibility of reproductive tract alterations due to androgen deficiency.\par
The morphological changes of the seminiferous tubule including Leydig and Sertoli cells would indicate damage to the reproductive system. In the present study the administration of DBCP decreases the FSH and LH levels, due to the toxic action of DBCP. This is in consistence with the finding of Pease et al., (1991) (47) that chemical toxicant causes persistent dysfunction of Leydig cells which disturb normal testosterone levels. In this connection,  {\ref Fiorini et al., 2004 (48)} have also reported that LH concentration was rise and Testosterone levels were decreased during the complete failure of Leydig cells. However, hormonal production may be reduced in rats due to the seminiferous tubular damage \hyperref[b49]{(49)}. On the contrary , treatment with M. pruriens in group III significantly decreases the toxic effects of DBCP and the level of FSH, LH and testosterone were increased. This might be due to the presence of the active constituents such as flavonoids and saponins which directly or indirectly scavenge the oxidative damage to different cells and organs while normalizing their function. In this regard, \hyperref[b50]{Doshi et al., (2003)}  \hyperref[b50]{(50)} have reported that flavonoids and antioxidants remarkably reduce oxidative damages in the cells. Based on the results of this study, future research could investigate male rat sterility using a fertility test. In addition, sire litters can be examined after mating. 
\section[{VI. CONCLUSION}]{VI. CONCLUSION}\par
In conclusion, the current study supports the methanolic extract of M. pruriens has a remarkable fertility effect in male rats. These results conclude that the seed extract of M. pruriens significantly increase sperm quality by elevating antioxidant enzyme activity and improve Hormone levels. Because of its efficacy, it can be considered as potential seed extract for further pharmaceutical development in the treatment of infertility. 
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London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.204177545691906\textwidth}P{0.1265013054830287\textwidth}P{0.14203655352480418\textwidth}P{0.1975195822454308\textwidth}P{0.004438642297650131\textwidth}P{0.004438642297650131\textwidth}P{0.17088772845953001\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Group I\tabcellsep Group II\tabcellsep Group III\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Group IV\\
Parameters\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep (Control)\tabcellsep (DBCP)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{(DBCP + M. pruriens)}\tabcellsep (M. pruriens)\\
Body weight(g)\tabcellsep 160.33±4.33\tabcellsep 132.30±4.43a*\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{146.06± 2.51a* b*}\tabcellsep 157.49±3.19a NS\\
Testicular weight (g)\tabcellsep 2.67±0.16\tabcellsep 1.61±0.09a*\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{2.38±0.16a* b*}\tabcellsep 2.69±0.10 a NS\\
Testis weight relative (g)\tabcellsep 1.76± 0.04\tabcellsep 1.14 ±0.09 a*\tabcellsep 1.63± 0.11 a @\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{b*}\tabcellsep 1.79 ±0.05 a NS\\
Epididymis weight (g)\tabcellsep 0.379± 0.01\tabcellsep 0.28 ±0.02 a*\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.320±0.02 a \#}\tabcellsep b*\tabcellsep 0.359±0.01 a\end{longtable} \par
 
\begin{quote}
\par
NSValues are expressed as mean + SD for six animals in each group, a -Group II, III, IV compared with Group I, b -Group III compared with Group II. The significance level of p<0.05.\end{quote}

\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 			\label{foot_0}\footnote{\label{foot_0} © 2023 London Journals Press} 		 		\backmatter   			 \par
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express deep and Sincere gratitude to my Research Supervisor Late Dr. M.P. Balasubramanian, Professor, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, Taramani, Chennai-113. for giving me the opportunity to do research and invaluable guidance throughout my Research work. My Sincere Thanks goes to Dr. K. Pushkala, SDNB Vaishnav college for women for the continuous support and encouragement throughout the paperwork. London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
